| Republic of India भारत गणराज्य*
Bhārat Ganarājya |
| |
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)
सत्यमेव जयते (Devanāgarī)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1] |
Anthem:
Jana Gana Mana
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people[2]
|
National Song[4]
Vande Mataram
I bow to thee, Mother[3] |
| Area controlled by India in dark green;
Claimed but uncontrolled territories in light green |
| Capital | New Delhi
 28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E / 28.6133°N 77.2083°E / 28.6133; 77.2083 |
| Largest city | Mumbai |
| Official language(s) | Hindi in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Union [5] and English the "subsidiary official language". [6] |
| Recognised regional languages | |
| National languages | None defined by the
constitution.[8] |
| Demonym | Indian |
| Government | Federal parliamentary
constitutional republic[9] |
| - | President | Pratibha Patil |
| - | Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh (INC) |
| - | Speaker of the House | Meira Kumar (INC) |
| - | Chief Justice | S. H. Kapadia |
| Legislature | Sansad |
| - | Upper House | Rajya Sabha |
| - | Lower House | Lok Sabha |
| Independence | from the United Kingdom |
| - | Declared | 15 August 1947 |
| - | Republic | 26 January 1950 |
| Area |
| - |
| 3,287,263 km2 ‡(7th)
1,269,219 sq mi |
| - | Water (%) | 9.56 |
| Population |
| - | 2011 estimate | 1,191,391,000[10] (2nd) |
| - | 2001 census | 1,028,610,328[11] |
| - | Density | 362.4/km2 (31st)
938.7/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) | 2010 estimate |
| - | Total | $3.862 trillion[12] (4th) |
| - | Per capita | $3,176[12] (127th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2010 estimate |
| - | Total | $1.367 trillion[12] (11th) |
| - | Per capita | $1,124[12] (142nd) |
| Gini (2004) | 36.8[13] (79th) |
| HDI (2010) |  0.519[14] (medium) (119th) |
| Currency | Indian rupee ( ) (INR) |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| - | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+5:30) |
| Date formats | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) |
| Drives on the | left |
| ISO 3166 code | IN |
| Internet TLD | .in |
| Calling code | 91 |
* Bharat Ganarajya, that is, the Republic of India in Hindi,[9] written in the Devanagari script. See also other official names
‡ This is the figure as per the United Nations though the Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi).[15] |
India (
i /ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world.[16] Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west;[note 1] Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea.[17] India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi).[18]
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[19] Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism—originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early 18th century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence which was marked by a non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
India is a federal constitutional republic with a parliamentary democracy consisting of 28 states and seven union territories. A pluralistic, multilingual and multiethnic society where more than 300[20] languages are spoken, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The Indian economy is the world's eleventh largest economy by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity. Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has become one of the fastest growing major economies in the world;[21] however, the country continues to face several poverty, illiteracy, corruption and public health related challenges. India is classified as a newly industrialised country and is one of the four BRIC nations.[22][23] It is the world's sixth de facto recognized nuclear weapons state and has the third-largest standing armed force in the world, while its military expenditure ranks tenth in the world.[24] India is a regional power in South Asia.[25]
It is a
founding member of the
United Nations, the
Non-Aligned Movement, the
World Trade Organization, the
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the
East Asia Summit, the
G20 and the
G8+5; a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations; and an observer state in the
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